Poornaprajna International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences (PIJBAS)
Journal Title: Poornaprajna International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences (PIJBAS) Journal Initial: International - Multidisciplinary Journal Abbreviation: PIJBAS Crossref DOI: 10.64818/PIJPL.3107.8478 E-ISSN: 3107-8478 Publisher: Poornaprajna Institute of Management Publisher Contact: Poornaprajna Institute of Management, Managed by Udupi Shree Adamaru Matha Education Council, Volakkadu, Udupi - 576101, Karnataka, India E-Mail: poornaprajnapublications@pim.ac.in Country: India Journal Description: Poornaprajna International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences (PIJBAS) Country of Publication: India Publisher: Poornaprajna Institute of Management Format: Open Access Year of Start: 2024 Indexed and Available from: Google Scholar Frequency: 2 Issues per year Language: English Scope: Multidisciplinary in Basic Sciences Article Processing Charge: Free Types of Journal: Academic/ Scholarly Journal Open Access: Yes Indexed & Abstracted: Yes Policy: Double blinded Peer Review Publication Ethics: Editorial Ethics Policy as per |C|O|P|E| Review Time: Four to Eight Weeks Approximately Contact & Submission Email: contact@poornaprajnapublication.com Poornaprajna International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences (PIJBAS) with E-ISSN: 3107-8478 is an online, not-for-profit, Poornaprajna Group, Udupi sponsored free publication, blind peer-reviewed, open-access, bi-annual, but continuous weekly uploading of accepted papers, plagiarism-free, refereed research journal published by Poornaprajna Institute of Management, Udupi, India. PIJBAS offers free publication opportunity to its authors, allows to keep Copyright of the scholarly paper with the authors. It provides a global author-centric publishing platform for Professors, Research scholars, academicians, professionals, and students engaged in Research. The main aim of PIJBAS is to become the world’s leading Author-Centred fast publication journal that is preferred and trusted by the research community through publishing authentic, peer-reviewed, and scientifically developed research articles of international calibre. PIJBAS publishes research papers in the field of Basic Sciences (Pure & Applied). The Journal publishes scholarly articles in English. PIJBAS accepts exceptional research contribution from the authors in the form of original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, and technical notes. All submissions are also checked for plagiarism. The length of the manuscript must be between five (5) to fifty (50) journal pages excluding references. The journal follows the |C|O|P|E| (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidance while accepting scholarly papers for publication. The Article Processing Charge (APC) subsidized for Faculty Members, Students, and Research Scholars of Poornaprajna Group by its Research Fund.
The Internet of Orthopaedic Things (IoOT): A Multi-Framework Strategic Analysis of Smart Implants, Market Dynamics, and Future Research Frontiers
Purpose: This paper explores the emerging ecosystem of the Internet of Orthopaedic Things (IoOT) and the integration of smart implants in modern musculoskeletal care. Using an exploratory and qualitative approach, the study aims to decode the strategic landscape of connected orthopaedic devices. Design/Methodology: The research employs a multi-framework analytical approach, integrating SWOC, ABCD, and PESTLE analyses, alongside Impact Analysis, to evaluate the current and future status of smart implants. The information is collected using websites, search engines (like Google & Google Scholar) and AI-driven GPTs. Findings: Preliminary analysis suggests that while smart implants significantly enhance real-time patient monitoring and postoperative outcomes, widespread adoption is hindered by high initial costs, data privacy concerns (GDPR/HIPAA), and a lack of standardized interoperability protocols. Research Limitations/Implications: The study identifies a critical research gap in long-term bio-battery sustainability and the legal liability of AI-driven surgical recommendations. Originality/Value: This paper provides a unique "Practitioner-Researcher Roadmap," offering actionable recommendations for stakeholders to navigate the IoOT transition by 2030. Type of Paper: Review-based Qualitative Exploratory research analysis.
Strategic Evaluation of Bio-Active Composite Therapy (BACT) and Stem Cell Augmentation in Regenerative Orthopedics: A Multi-Framework Exploratory Review for 2026 and Beyond
Purpose: Regenerative orthopedics is transitioning from experimental "cell-replacement" to a strategic "biological signaling" paradigm. This paper conducts a strategic evaluation of Bio-Active Composite Therapy (BACT) and Stem Cell Augmentation to identify futuristic emerging areas for 2026 and beyond. Methods: Using an exploratory, qualitative, and review-based methodology, the study integrates multi-dimensional frameworks including SWOC, ABCD, PESTLE, and Impact Analysis. The information is collected by keyword-based search using Google, Google scholar and AI-driven GPT search engines and analysed as per the objectives of the paper. Findings: Preliminary analysis suggests that while BACT offers superior osteoconductive properties, the integration of stem cells provides the necessary bio-augmentation for complex non-union fractures. However, high costs and regulatory hurdles (PESTLE) remain significant constraints. Originality/Value: The study proposes a shift toward "functional alignment" and "smart scaffolds" as primary research targets. Bridging the gap between material science and cellular biology through strategic frameworks is essential for the clinical scaling of regenerative therapies. Type of Paper: Exploratory and review-based analysis.
Integrated Power Consumption Modeling for Low-Power Electronic Design
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze power consumption mechanisms in digital circuits and to broaden an integrated energy consumption model that captures dynamic, static (leakage), and short-circuit power dissipation. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of key low-electricity layout strategies in improving energy efficiency while maintaining acceptable performance in contemporary digital systems. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopts an analytical and model-based research approach. Established theoretical fashions of dynamic, static, and brief-circuit electricity consumption are examined and incorporated right into a unified energy intake framework. The researcher similarly critiques and evaluates low-energy layout strategies, which include voltage scaling, electricity gating, clock gating, transistor-stage optimization, and the usage of electricity-efficient components, via comparative analysis and alertness-orientated evaluation. Findings/Result: The findings imply that overall electricity consumption in electronic circuits is strongly influenced by supply voltage, switching activity, leakage currents, and signal transition traits. The integrated energy model demonstrates that coordinated application of more than one low-electricity techniques achieves more significant electricity reduction than isolated methods. The effects additionally screen that energy-efficient design is mainly critical in applications such as IoT structures, wearable and biomedical gadgets, renewable strength systems, and facts centers, where energy constraints and thermal boundaries are dominant. Originality/value: This study contributes to the existing literature with the aid of providing a consolidated and integrated power consumption model alongside a dependent evaluation of low-power design strategies. It offers a clear conceptual framework for energy-aware digital design and offers practical insights for designers and researchers aiming to expand sustainable, high-performance, and power-efficient digital structures. Paper Type: Conceptual and Analytical Research Paper
Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Hydroquinone by Designing Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticle-Pluronic F-127 Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Purpose: Hydroquinone is a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor widely used in topical formulations for the treatment of hyperpigmentation and other skin disorders; however, its use is associated with adverse effects such as exogenous ochronosis, contact dermatitis, and photosensitivity. An attempt has been made for the detection of hydroquinone using a glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan-functionalized silver nanoparticles and non-ionic surfactants. Methodology: The present work involves the fabrication of a glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan-functionalized silver nanoparticles and non-ionic surfactants. The modified electrode is characterized for surface morphology using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone is then investigated using linear sweep, cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry. Calibration studies are performed to evaluate linearity, sensitivity, and detection limit over a defined concentration range. Finally, the developed electrode is applied to the determination of hydroquinone in pharmaceutical samples, and its reproducibility and stability are assessed. Analysis/Results: The linear relationship between peak current and hydroquinone concentration in the range of 1–12 μM, along with a low detection limit of 0.039 μM, highlights the high sensitivity of the developed sensor. FESEM analysis further supports these findings by confirming uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles within the chitosan matrix, contributing to enhanced active sites on the electrode surface. Application of the sensor to pharmaceutical (dermatological cream) samples yields satisfactory recovery values, demonstrating its practical applicability. Additionally, the good reproducibility and stability observed indicate that the developed electrode is reliable for routine analytical applications. Originality/Value: The novel integration of chitosan-functionalized silver nanoparticles with non-ionic surfactants on a glassy carbon electrode to construct a highly sensitive electrochemical sensing interface for hydroquinone. Unlike conventional modified electrodes, this approach exploits the synergistic effects of biopolymer functionality, enhanced electron transfer from silver nanoparticles, and improved analytical accessibility provided by surfactants. The developed sensor thus offers a distinctive and effective platform for hydroquinone analysis with potential applications in pharmaceutical and environmental monitoring. Type of paper: Experimental Research.
Singularities in Science, Technology and Society: Typologies, Comparative Analyses, and Interpretive Frameworks
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a cross-disciplinary typology of "singularity" concepts, ranging from mathematical and physical to technological and socio-ecological domains. It aims to provide comparative analyses and a SWOC (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges) framework to evaluate the mechanisms, impacts, and governance readiness of different singularity types. Ultimately, the paper seeks to clarify why the concept matters, offering interpretive tools and ethical guidance for navigating these profound, potentially irreversible transitions in science and society. Methodology: Qualitative exploratory research where the relevant information is collected using keyword-based search using Google, Google Scholar, and AI-driven GPTs. The information is analysed using suitable analysis frameworks as per the objectives of the paper. Analysis: This paper develops a comprehensive cross-disciplinary typology of singularities, categorizing them into mathematical, physical, technological, and socio-philosophical types. Through a comparative analysis and SWOC framework, it evaluates each type's mechanisms, measurability, and societal impact, revealing a critical governance gap for high-impact technological and ecological singularities. The results underscore that these events represent points where predictive models break down, necessitating new scientific theories, proactive risk governance, and ethical frameworks to navigate their profound and potentially irreversible consequences. Originality: This paper provides an original and valuable cross-disciplinary synthesis by constructing a unified typology of singularities—from mathematical and physical to technological and socio-ecological—that is not found in existing literature. Its value lies in offering comparative analytical tools like SWOC analysis and evaluation rubrics, which enable structured interpretation and governance of high-impact, irreversible transitions across scientific and societal domains. Type of Paper: Review-based exploratory research.
Predictive Analysis of a Jobless Society and Future Human Life Comfortability based on AI-Driven Super Intelligent Machines
Purpose: To explore the transformative potential of AI-driven super-intelligent machines in ensuring future human life comfort by enabling fully automated systems of production and distribution. It evaluates the feasibility of government-implemented Total Automation Models, where goods and services are produced and distributed without cost to individuals. The study analyzes how such costless provisioning can be achieved through continuous, intelligent optimization, and examines the broader implications of this paradigm shift for human purpose, governance structures, and global equity in a post-scarcity, technologically governed society. Methodology: In this paper, the exploratory qualitative research method is used. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper. Analysis & Discussion: The article presents a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed model of Total Automation Economy, examining its feasibility, implications, and potential societal transformations. It employs the SWOC (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Challenges) and ABCD (Advantages, Benefits, Constraints, Disadvantages) analytical frameworks to assess the multidimensional impacts of AI-driven super-intelligent systems. The discussion highlights how such systems can automate resource procurement, production, and distribution to achieve universal comfortability, while also recognizing ethical dilemmas, governance challenges, and technological limitations. The section emphasizes the transformative potential of this model in redefining human identity and purpose in a jobless society, and suggests implementation through interdisciplinary collaboration, sustainable practices, and ethically guided AI frameworks. Originality & Value: This paper presents an original theoretical framework by integrating the concept of a jobless society with the Total Automation Economy driven by AI-powered super-intelligent machines. Unlike existing literature focused narrowly on job displacement or automation risks, this study uniquely envisions a post-scarcity model where governments provide universal comfort, fulfilling needs, wants, and desires, without economic transactions. The value of this research lies in its multidisciplinary fusion of technology, economics, ethics, and governance, offering a futuristic blueprint that challenges conventional paradigms of labour, wealth distribution, and human purpose. It opens new directions for academic exploration and policy formulation in the age of AI-led societal transformation. Type of Paper: Exploratory Qualitative Review-based Analysis
ABCD analysis from stakeholders' perspective
Quantum Computers Supported Path to Technological Singularity – A Predictive Analysis
Purpose: There is a need to establish a comprehensive conceptual framework that focuses on the synergies between quantum computing and technological singularities. The quest is to unfold an investigation on how quantum computers play a pivotal role in supporting the realization of both AI-based Digital Singularity and Nanotech-based Molecular Singularity, offering insights into their transformative potential at the intersection of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Method: The study method is exploratory in nature and predicts, analyses, and interprets various possibilities of further developments of AI-based Digital Singularity and Nanotech-based Molecular Singularity, which comes under technological singularities- a stage where technology overtakes human abilities to solve existing problems related to need, wants, and dreamy desire. Analysis and Outcome: The research addresses the innovative concept of the intersection between AI-based Digital Singularity and Nanotech-based Molecular Singularity, supported by quantum computing, and explores how this convergence drives further advancements in solving complex technological and societal challenges. The paper includes a detailed ABCD analysis for both AI and nanotech singularities, evaluating the Advantages, Benefits, Constraints, and Disadvantages of quantum computing integration in each context. Lastly, the research aims to provide valuable suggestions in the form of postulates, offering potential avenues for further exploration and experimentation in the rapidly evolving fields of quantum computing and technological singularities. Originality/Value: The paper provides a structured approach to exploring the intersection of quantum computers with AI-driven Digital Singularity and Nanotech-driven Molecular Singularity. Type of Paper: Exploratory Analysis.
Digital Alchemy: Technological Advancements in the Teaching of Chemistry- a Review
Purpose: The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the integration of modern technological tools in the teaching of chemistry. It aims to highlight how innovations such as virtual laboratories, simulation software, augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), and gamified platforms have influenced pedagogical practices and student learning outcomes in chemical education. Methodology: This review is based on a thematic analysis of peer-reviewed, open-access literature published between 2018 and 2024. Sources were selected using academic databases such as ScienceDirect, MDPI, Springer Open, and arXiv, with a focus on studies that report empirical data or offer theoretical insights into the use of technology in chemistry education. Results/Analysis: Findings reveal that virtual labs and simulation platforms enhance conceptual clarity, especially in topics involving molecular modelling and reaction mechanisms. AR/VR tools significantly improve learner engagement and spatial visualization skills. Gamified approaches have been associated with improved motivation and assessment performance. However, challenges remain in accessibility, infrastructure, teacher training, and over-dependence on digital tools. A strong preference for blended learning models emerges as the most sustainable and impactful approach. Originality/Value: This review consolidates recent technological advancements in chemistry pedagogy and critically evaluates their practical implementation and outcomes. It provides a consolidated reference for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers seeking to integrate or expand digital pedagogies in chemistry education, particularly in line with evolving educational frameworks such as India’s National Education Policy 2020. Type of paper: Thematic review article
SWOT & SWOC: A Literature Review-based Evidence from Kurukshetra (Mahabharata) War
Purpose: The Mahabharata is a grand epic that poetically narrates a legendary war, deeply embedded in Indian mythology. While the sheer scale of this ancient war, believed to have taken place around 3000 B.C., continues to intrigue modern civilizations, it also serves as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of large-scale conflicts. The Kurukshetra War, involving nearly every major power of its time, left a lasting impact that resonates even today, offering invaluable lessons. This paper aims to analyze the strategic insights from the Mahabharata through SWOT and SWOC frameworks. The researchers explore these matrices by examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges faced by the two rival factions - the Pandavas and the Kauravas - while also drawing literary evidence to support these analyses. Objective: The researchers have outlined the following key objectives, focusing on two broad research questions: (1) To examine SWOT through Kurukshetra (Mahabharata) War. (2) To evaluate SWOC through Kurukshetra (Mahabharata) War. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study relies on secondary data and available evidence. Hypotheses were formulated for the selected variables and examined rigorously to validate or refute them with accuracy. Findings/Results: The researchers extract key SWOT and SWOC insights from the epic Mahabharata, which is not only a legendary war narrative but also a rich source of strategic lessons. Throughout the conflict, the Kauravas often made hasty decisions during crises, failing to consider subtle yet crucial factors such as emotions, intuition, and spiritual discernment, demonstrating significant weaknesses and threats. In contrast, the Pandavas exemplified teamwork, strategic planning, and adaptability, showcasing strengths and opportunities essential for collective success. Ultimately, this study reflects on these factors to gain a deeper understanding of the Mahabharata’s strategic dimensions through the SWOT and SWOC frameworks. Research Limitations/Implications: Further the fact, the battle between the Pandavas and the Kauravas was destined even before it began, as Shri Krishna revealed to Arjuna during his Visvarupa. The Kauravas' defeat can primarily be attributed to a single pivotal event, resulting from an act of deceptive misjudgment. Originality/New Knowledge/Interpretation/Value: Thus, it can be concluded that applying the best practices from the Mahabharata War to the SWOT and SWOC Matrix in management can lead to a renewed perspective. This approach can enhance organizational and team performance, enabling them to function more effectively and achieve greater success in the future. Paper Type: This study relies on secondary data and existing evidence.
Comparative Analysis of Upanishadic and Modern Quantum Physics Concepts: Exploring Parallels Between Advaita Vedanta and Quantum Physics
Purpose: The convergence of ancient metaphysical thought and modern scientific inquiry has increasingly drawn attention to the philosophical parallels between Advaita Vedanta, as expounded in the Upanishads, and modern quantum physics. Both systems, despite their distinct methodologies and epistemological foundations, challenge classical notions of reality, duality, and the role of the observer in the universe. This paper explores key parallels, focusing on concepts such as non-duality (Advaita), the observer effect, quantum entanglement, and the nature of consciousness. The Upanishadic idea of Brahman as the ultimate, indivisible reality aligns intriguingly with quantum physics' understanding of non-locality and the interconnectedness of particles. Methodology: In this paper, the exploratory qualitative research method is used. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper. Originality/ Values: The observer-dependent nature of quantum measurement resonates with the Upanishadic assertion that reality is shaped by consciousness (Chaitanya). By conducting a comparative analysis, this research aims to bridge the gap between spiritual philosophy and empirical science, offering new perspectives on the nature of existence, perception, and the fabric of reality. Results/Analysis: Ultimately, the convergence of Advaita Vedanta and quantum physics reminds us of the vast depths of reality that lie beyond our everyday perception. It invites us to approach life with humility, openness, and a willingness to embrace the unknown. Type of Paper: Exploratory Research.
Organic Alchemy: Panchagavya’s Role in Green Agriculture Transformation
Purpose: Panchagavya, an organic formulation derived from cow-based products—milk, curd, ghee, urine, and dung—has gained prominence as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Rooted in traditional Indian farming practices, it fosters soil health, enhances crop yield, and promotes eco-friendly pest management. Its bio-stimulant properties encourage microbial activity, improving nutrient availability and soil structure. Panchagavya also supports plant growth, and resilience against environmental stresses, and contributes to the production of healthier, chemical-free food. This paper examines the scientific basis, benefits, and potential challenges of integrating Panchagavya into modern farming systems. It emphasizes the role of Panchagavya in aligning agricultural practices with environmental conservation, sustainable resource utilization, and biodiversity preservation. Methodology: The paper uses exploratory qualitative research method. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper. Results/Analysis: The future of Panchkavya lies in bridging traditional knowledge with cutting-edge scientific research. By investing in advanced formulation techniques, molecular studies, and meticulousness agriculture integration, we can unlock new potentials and enhance the efficacy of this time-honoured practice. Furthermore, exploring Panchkavya's role in climate change adaptation and ecosystem services can position it as a crucial player in building resilient agricultural systems. Originality/Values: The paper examines the role in Green Agriculture Transformation by Panchagavya which is rooted in traditional Indian farming practices, fostering soil health, enhancing crop yield, and promoting eco-friendly pest management.
Exploring Curcumin and Its Derivatives: Insights into Their Structure–Activity Relationship as Anticancer Agents
Purpose: Curcumin, a bioactive compound from turmeric (Curcuma longa), exhibits multiple therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. To highlights the Indian origin medicinally important plant and its extract, this review is carried out. Methodology: On the basis of literature availability data, this review has been carried out and structural activity relationship is illustrated on the basis of variation of activity with structural changes. Analysis/Results: The two methoxy phenolic groups in curcumin are essential for its bioactivity. Modifications of curcumin's β-diketone and methylene α-hydrogen groups are a focus to enhance its stability and efficacy. Derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups like fluorine or nitro groups enhance bioactivity. Modifications such as substituting phenolic groups or reducing the flexibility of the molecule show improved therapeutic profiles. Originality/Value: In the present article, importance of the curcumin and its derivatives in the field of anticancer agent is extensively discussed on the basis of literature available reports. Type of Paper: Review Paper.
Design, Synthesis and DNA Cleavage Studies of benzofuran-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives
Purpose: Benzofuran is a significant heterocyclic compound, constituting the structural context of bioorganic and medicinal noteworthy organic compounds. Therefore, in this study synthesis and evaluation of DNA cleavage activity of benzofuran fused thiadiazine derivatives (IVa–h) was discussed. Methodology: Benzofuran fused thiadiazine derivatives were synthesized by the fusion of commercially available benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (I) with thiocarbohydrazide (II) followed by condensation reaction with different phenacyl bromides (a-h). The synthesized compounds were characterized by phisico-chemical spectral analysis such as melting point, elemental analysis, FT-IR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy studies. The DNA cleavage efficacy was evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis. Analysis/Results: The DNA cleavage studies of all synthesized compounds (IVa-h) were photolyzed at 365 nm, at 50µM concentration in the presence of pUC19 DNA. The study shows that the compounds IVa and IVb showed a more intense streak, indicating better activity than that of other compounds. Originality/Value: Synthesis and DNA cleavage evaluation of benzofuran fused thiadiazine derivatives were not explored. DNA cleavage studies, it is observed that some of the synthesized derivatives have exhibited better DNA cleavage activity. The obtained results recommend that these classes of compounds can be considered as new templates for further structural optimization to achieve better biological drug development. Type of Paper: Experimental.
Aves Unveiled: A Study of Regional Bird Diversity of Dabguli Village of Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India
Purpose: This checklist documents 25 bird species observed in Dabguli, Western Ghats, including several endemics, enriching regional biodiversity records. It enhances understanding of avian distribution and population dynamics, shaping conservation strategies and guiding habitat management. This baseline serves future ornithological research and long-term monitoring, supporting precise species identification and fostering taxonomic accuracy essential for avian studies. Educators, researchers, and enthusiasts will find it invaluable for promoting deeper engagement with the region’s avian biodiversity. Methodology: Field surveys were conducted in June and July 2024 during peak avian activity periods, from 6:00–9:00 am and 4:00–6:00 pm, using the Pollard Walk Method (PWM). Non-invasive techniques, including direct observation and high-resolution photography, ensured minimal disturbance to birds and habitats. Observations spanned diverse habitats, from agricultural areas to riparian zones, highlighting species' ecological roles and habitat preferences. Findings: The study recorded a diverse assemblage of birds, with endemic species predominantly in undisturbed forests and generalists thriving in altered environments. This highlights the ecological wealth of the Western Ghats and emphasizes the importance of preserving heterogeneous habitats for biodiversity conservation. Originality/Value: This research represents the first comprehensive documentation of birds in Dabguli, an under-explored region of the Western Ghats. The findings provide critical baseline data, offering insights into habitat preferences and ecological roles of recorded species. By minimizing disturbance through non-intrusive methods, this study contributes significantly to avian conservation and lays the groundwork for future research in similar biodiversity-rich but under-researched areas. Type of Paper: Survey-based exploratory research.
Enhancing Carbonaceous Char Derived from Cashew Shell Pyrolysis as a Renewable Coal Alternative
Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the potential of carbonaceous char from cashew nut shell pyrolysis as a sustainable alternative to coal. By converting agricultural waste into a valuable energy resource, this research aims to address two critical challenges: effective waste management and the development of sustainable energy alternatives. Methodology: The research methodology focused on converting cashew nutshell waste into a renewable energy source through a systematic process. Raw cashew nut shells were cleaned, dried at 60°C for 24 hours, and ground to a uniform size of 2-3 mm for consistent pyrolysis. The shells underwent pyrolysis in an oxygen-free environment to produce carbonaceous char, which was then chemically activated using phosphoric acid. After reacting at room temperature for two hours, the mixture was heated at 650°C in a muffle furnace to enhance the char’s surface area and porosity. Post-activation, the char was washed with water and methanol, sonicated to remove impurities, and dried before being analysed using FTIR for structural changes. The ash content of the treated char was measured to evaluate its suitability as a coal substitute, ensuring precision throughout. Results & Findings: The results of the study showed that the carbonaceous char derived from cashew nut shells exhibited significant improvements after undergoing chemical activation. The activation process using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) effectively increased the surface area and porosity of the char, which enhanced its adsorption properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of functional groups such as C=C, C=O, and C≡C, indicating successful structural modifications of the char post-activation. The ash content was reduced to 7%, a favourable result, as lower ash levels improve the char’s industrial applicability. The char demonstrated improved combustion properties, making it a promising renewable substitute for coal. Originality/Value: The originality of this paper lies in its innovative use of cashew nut shells, a widely overlooked agricultural waste, to produce carbonaceous char as a renewable coal substitute. By optimizing the chemical activation process with phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), the study enhances the char's surface area and adsorption capacity, significantly improving its potential for industrial applications. Type of Paper: Exploratory research
Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Dyes by ZnO/Fe2O3/PEG Based Nanocomposites
Purpose: Dyes are organic compounds, which alter the quality of the water. The present study aims to develop new photocatalytic materials for the oxidation of dyes in the water. Methodology: Mixed nanocomposite material of ZnO /ferric oxide /Polyethylene glycol was synthesized by the solution phase method. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by SEM and particle size analyzer to evaluate the surface morphology and particle size determination. Analysis/Results: Aqueous dye solutions of Eriochrome Black T, Methylene Blue, and food color yellow were prepared and investigated for the synthesized nanocomposite material for the photocatalytic action. The present nanocomposite shows superior photocatalytic activity on Eriochrome Black T with photocatalytic activity of 81.6% oxidation of dyes and moderate activity to Food colour Yellow and Methylene Blue. Originality/Value: In the present study new nanocomposite materials were prepared and evaluated for photocatalytic activity, the action of nanocomposite on Eriochrome Black T dye solution, results in promising activity for the colour removal. The synthesized nanocomposite may be useful for the large quantity of color removal in contaminated water. Type of Paper: Experimental.
The Study of Diversity of Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) Fauna of Angod Village, District- Uttara Kannada, India
Purpose: The purpose of this checklist is to provide comprehensive documentation of dragonfly and damselfly species observed in the study area, thereby contributing to the existing biodiversity records. It aims to facilitate understanding of species distribution and abundance, which is crucial for informing conservation efforts and habitat management. Additionally, this checklist serves as a baseline for future ecological research and monitoring programs, enabling comparisons over time. It acts as a valuable resource for educators, researchers, and enthusiasts in the study of Odonata, while also enhancing taxonomic clarity and supporting accurate species identification within the region. Methodology: During June and July 2021, field surveys were conducted to observe dragonflies and damselflies using the Pollard Walk Method (PWM), with observations made twice daily—once in the morning from 7:00 am to 8:00 am and again in the evening from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm-targeting their peak activity periods. No specimens were collected or disturbed, and individuals that were challenging to identify in the field were photographed or observed carefully until sufficient data were gathered, adhering to ethical guidelines and ensuring minimal impact on the species and their habitats. Results & Findings: The survey in Angod recorded 14 species of dragonflies and 5 species of damselflies, demonstrating the region’s odonate diversity. Dragonflies were predominantly observed near open water sources such as ponds, streams, and agricultural fields, while damselflies favoured more shaded areas with dense vegetation near still water bodies. The survey found that dragonflies were generally more adaptable to a variety of habitats, whereas damselflies exhibited specific preferences for calm, undisturbed waters. This variation in habitat selection suggests different ecological roles played by dragonflies and damselflies in the local ecosystem. The presence of these species highlights the richness of the Western Ghats and underscores the importance of protecting aquatic habitats to maintain biodiversity. Originality/Value: This research offers a unique contribution to the study of dragonfly and damselfly diversity in the relatively unexplored region of Angod, located within the Western Ghats of India, a biodiversity hotspot. Unlike previous studies that often focus on more widely surveyed regions, this study provides the first detailed documentation of odonate species in Angod. The methodology, involving non-invasive photographic documentation during key activity periods, ensures minimal disturbance to the species and their habitats. Type of Paper: Survey-based exploratory research.
Advancements in Nonlinear Optical Materials: Paving the Way for Future Photonic Devices
Purpose: Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have garnered significant attention due to their crucial role in advancing photonic technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles governing NLO materials, recent developments in their synthesis and characterization, and their transformative applications in futuristic photonic devices. Methodology: Exploratory research method is used to analyse, compare, evaluate, and interpret existing information, and to create new information. The existing information is collected using keywords-based search using various search engines like Google, Google scholar, and AI-driven GPTs. ABCD analysis framework is used for analysis of using NLO materials in future photonic devices in four industry sectors. Analysis/Discussion: Emphasizing key properties such as second-harmonic generation (SHG), third-harmonic generation (THG), and two-photon absorption (TPA), we explore how these materials are driving innovations in telecommunications, quantum computing, and ultrafast laser systems. ABCD analysis framework is used for analysis of using NLO materials in future photonic devices in four industry sectors from different stakeholders’ points of views. Originality/Value: The paper discusses emerging trends and challenges in integrating NLO materials into practical devices, offering insights into the future directions of photonic research for developing photonic devices in various industry sectors. Type of Paper: Review based Exploratory Study.